“Buran Expands Soviet Ability to Orbit Large Payloads”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 21 November 1988, p. Grachov, “Energiya-Buran: The swan song of Soviet cosmonautics or the thorny path to space?” (in Russian), Aviatsiya i vremya, 2/2005. Semyonov, Mnogorazovyy orbitalnyy korabl Buran, Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1995, p. Golovanov, “Just where are we flying to?” (in Russian), Izvestiya, 12 December 1991. Witherow, “Russian Snowstorm to Blast US in Space Race”, The Sunday Times, 11 January 1987. McKie, “Space ‘breakout’ race”, The Observer, 2 September 1984 E. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11-1-83, Volume II: The Estimate, 18 July 1983, p. Lenorowitz, “Soviets Fly Jet-Powered Space Shuttle Testbed”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12 October 1987, p. Covault, “Soviets Begin Orbiter Tests Following Engine Installation”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 14 April 1986, pp. Covault, “USSR’s Reusable Orbiter Nears Approach, Landing Tests”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 3 December 1984, pp. “Soviets Demonstrate Flight Readiness with Firing of Heavy-Lift Booster”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6 March 1987.Ĭ. “Soviet Shuttle”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 1 December 1986. “Soviet Shuttle, Heavy Booster in Serious Development Trouble”, Aviation Week & Space Technology,, pp. Covault, “Soviets Building Heavy Shuttle”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 14 March 1983, pp. Soviet Military Power 1983, Washington, D.C.: US Department of Defense, 1983 C. An Intelligence Assessment, 1 November 1982, p. Soviet Capabilities and Intentions for Permanently Manned Space Stations. Pesavento, “Russian Space Shuttle Projects, 1957–1994. Dombrovskiy, “Space orbits of a canard” (in Russian), Sovetskaya Rossiya. Svishchev, “The Road to Buran” (in Russian), Pravda, 24 November 1988. Soviet Reusable Space Systems Program: Implications for Space Operations in the 1990s (An Intelligence Assessment), 1 September 1988. Oberg, “Soviet shuttle mysteries”, Aerospace America, June 1987, pp. Furniss, “Soviet shuttle claims doubted”, Flight International.
National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11-1-80, 6 August 1980, pp. Soviet Military Capabilities and Intentions in Space. Covault, “Soviets Build Reusable Shuttle”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 20 March 1978, pp. Reznik, “Student design organizations and interdisciplinary projects in the field of rocket and space technology” (in Russian), paper presented at the 31st Academic Readings on Cosmonautics in Moscow, January–February 2007. Tsiolkovskiy i nauchno-tekhnicheskiy progress, Moscow: Nauka, 1982, pp. Sinyaryov et al., “Space transportation system Albatros” (in Russian), in: K.E. Houtman, “Albatros: De Sowjet Shuttle”, Spaceview, July 1976.
James, Soviet Conquest from Space, New Rochelle: Arlington House Publishers, 1974, pp. The cockpit looks as it would have looked for the piloted program, and you’ll be able to manually land a Buran from orbit to spaceport on the spaceship simulator.Radio Moscow World Service, 30 January 1986. The cargo bay now hosts interactive displays, and the guide would tell you all the cool details about this program. If you want to get inside the cabin, there are guided tours available (500RUR, but book in advance, as they have only one English-speaking guide). It’s almost the real spacecraft-this one was used for structural testing. The Buran on display at the VDNKH was renovated in 2014. Nevertheless, this beautiful spaceship and its giant “Energiya” launch vehicle are still marvels of space engineering, with lots of unsolvable problems solved, and are a monument to the Space Race. Unfortunately, the enormous amount of workforce and money spent into this project ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, and, when the project was 100% done, the Buran made its first and only orbital (unmanned) spaceflight in 1988, with the whole program shutting down shortly after. By some means, it was even more advanced than Space Shuttle, able to put heavier payloads into orbit, cheaper, and (at the time) much smarter, being able to perform totally automatic flight and landing. It was started back in 1974 as a counterpart to the US Space Shuttle, and the whole country effort was put into building this spaceship and its launch vehicle for 12 years. As a space engineer, I was always excited by the famous Energiya-Buran Soviet space program.
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